العنصر الاول من عناصر الجملة هو الفاعل
Subject
A subject must be a noun, a pronoun, or any structure that functions as a noun
الفاعل يجب ان يكون اسما, او ضميرا, او اي تركيب يحل محل الاسم ويعمل عمله
قد يأتي الفاعل اسما
Nouns
Nouns might come singular or plural
الاسماء قد تأتي في الجملة مفردة او في صيغة الجمع
To make a singular noun plural, we usually add s or es at the end of it
Examples:
Coat~~> coats
Cat~~~> cats
Beach~~~> beaches
We have two kinds of nouns:
1. Common nouns الاسماء الشائعة
2. Proper nouns اسماء العلم
A. Proper nouns are usually names of persons, rivers, countries, cities, etc
Examples: Albert Lawson, Toledo, Horace Mann Junior High School, Aunt Louise
Proper nouns are always capitalized and rarely come in a plural form
ملاحظة: اسماء العلم نادرا ما تجمع
B. Common nouns name any member in a group or class
Examples: dog, cat, table, lamp, computer, etc
Common nouns are usually pluralized and not capitalized
غالبا ما نستطيع ان نستخرج صيغة جمع من الاسم الشائع
How can we distinguish a noun in a sentence?
كيف نستطيع أن نميز الاسم داخل الجملة؟
1. Nouns always follow the articles the, a, an
Examples: a dog, a cat, an engine, an angel, the man, the woman
2. Nouns are usually preceded by an adjective
تسبق الاسماء عادة بصفات
Examples: a beautiful lady, a handsome man, a great lesson
Adjectives usually come between the article and the noun
3. Nouns can be distinguished by noticing some specific suffixes
Examples: age [breakage]; ence [insistence]; ance [resistance]; dom [kingdom]; hood [childhood]; ion [prevention]; ism [nationalism]; ment [movement]; ness [firmness]; ure [exposure]; er [teacher]; or [visitor]
قد يأتي الفاعل ضميرا
Pronouns
انواع الضمائر
A. subjective pronouns
ضمائر الفاعل
I, we, you, she, he, it, they
I went to Amman
We went to Amman
You went to Amman
B. objective pronouns
ضمائر المفعول به
me, us, you, her, him, it, them
Ahmad gave me a book
I was telling her a story
I want to give them another chance
C. possessive pronouns: two kinds
ضمائر الملكية وهي نوعان
النوع الاول يجب أن يتبع باسم
my, our, your, her, his, its, their
امثلة
My book is great
Her hat is blue
Our teacher is Ahmad
النوع الثاني يأتي منفردا
mine, ours, yours, hers, his, its, theirs
امثلة
This book is mine
That hat is hers
Those pens are ours
D. reflexive pronouns
الضمائر الانعكاسية
تستخدم في اغلب الاحيان للتوكيد
myself, ourselves, yourself, herself, himself, itself, themselves
I myself read that book
You yourself have to write your homework
They themselves did what they had to do
قد نستخدم هذه الضمائر في بعض الاحيان لكي ندلل ان المفعول به هو نفسه من وقع عليه فعل الفاعل
Intensive case نسمي هذه الحالة ب
The boy hurt himself
We have to improve ourselves
E. demonstrative pronouns
ضمائر الاشارة
this, that, these, those
امثلة
This is my book
That is my friend
Those are playing football
ملاحظة هامة جدا: اذا جاء بعد ضمير الاشارة اسم, فانه يصبح محددا وليس ضميرا
This book is mine
(“this” is used here as a modifier, not as a pronoun)
Those girls are my friends
(“those” is used here as a modifier, not as a pronoun)
F. indefinite pronouns
الضمائر الغير محددة
each, either, neither, one, anyone, somebody, everybody, everything, all, few, many
امثلة
Somebody is knocking on our door
Everything is fine
Everybody has to come on time
G. interrogative pronouns
ضمائر الوصل
سنأتي على شرحها لاحقا
