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مساعدة دراسية-من جديد خخخ

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descriptionمساعدة دراسية-من جديد خخخ Emptyمساعدة دراسية-من جديد خخخالأربعاء 18 فبراير 2015 - 18:46

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السلام عليكم

بدون مقدمات لأن وقتي ضيق

المعذرة

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أريد باللغة الإنجليزية

شرح الكلمتين

Envirenment

Pollution

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و إجابات عن هذه الأسئلة (بالإنجليزية)

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Scenes of pollution-مظاهر التلوث

Causes of polluton-أسباب التلثون

Resaults of pollution-نتائج التلوث

Solutions-حلول للقضاء على التلوث

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أريدها بالإنجليزية كلها

و شكرا جزيلا

أقدر لكم
و السلام عليكم

descriptionمساعدة دراسية-من جديد خخخ Emptyرد: مساعدة دراسية-من جديد خخخالجمعة 20 فبراير 2015 - 20:45

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Envirenment

1.
the aggregate of surrounding things, conditions, or influences; surroundings; milieu.
2.
Ecology. the air, water, minerals, organisms, and all other external factors surrounding and affecting a given organism at any time.
3.
the social and cultural forces that shape the life of a person or a population.
4.
Computers. the hardware or software configuration, or the mode of operation, of a computer system:
In a time-sharing environment, transactions are processed as they occur.
5.
an indoor or outdoor setting that is characterized by the presence of environmental art that is itself designed to be site-specific.

Pollution

1.
the act of polluting or the state of being polluted.
2.
the introduction of harmful substances or products into the environment:
air pollution.

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Scenes of pollution-مظاهر التلوث

Causes of polluton-أسباب التلثون

Types & Causes of Pollution

Air Pollution is the most prominent and dangerous form of pollution. It occurs due to many reasons. Excessive burning of fuel which is a necessity of our daily lives for cooking, driving and other industrial activities; releases a huge amount of chemical substances in the air everyday; these pollute the air.

Smoke from chimneys, factories, vehicles or burning of wood basically occurs due to coal burning; this releases sulphur dioxide into the air making it toxic. The effects of air pollution are evident too. Release of sulphur dioxide and hazardous gases into the air causes global warming and acid rain; which in turn have increased temperatures, erratic rains and droughts worldwide; making it tough for the animals to survive. We breathe in every polluted particle from the air; result is increase in asthma and cancer in the lungs.

Water Pollution has taken toll of all the surviving species of the earth. Almost 60% of the species live in water bodies. It occurs due to several factors; the industrial wastes dumped into the rivers and other water bodies cause an imbalance in the water leading to its severe contamination and death of aquatic species. If you suspect that nearby water sources have been contaminated by a corporation then it might be a good idea to hire an expert to see your options.

Also spraying insecticides, pesticides like DDT on plants pollutes the ground water system and oil spills in the oceans have caused irreparable damage to the water bodies. Eutrophication is another big source; it occurs due to daily activities like washing clothes, utensils near lakes, ponds or rivers; this forces detergents to go into water which blocks sunlight from penetrating, thus reducing oxygen and making it inhabitable.

Water pollution not only harms the aquatic beings but it also contaminates the entire food chain by severely affecting humans dependent on these. Water-borne diseases like cholera, diarrhoea have also increased in all places.

Soil pollution occurs due to incorporation of unwanted chemicals in the soil due to human activities. Use of insecticides and pesticides absorbs the nitrogen compounds from the soil making it unfit for plants to derive nutrition from. Release of industrial waste, mining and deforestation also exploits the soil. Since plants can’t grow properly, they can’t hold the soil and this leads to soil erosion.

Noise pollution is caused when noise which is an unpleasant sound affects our ears and leads to psychological problems like stress, hypertension, hearing impairment, etc. It is caused by machines in industries, loud music, etc.

Radioactive pollution is highly dangerous when it occurs. It can occur due to nuclear plant malfunctions, improper nuclear waste disposal, accidents, etc. It causes cancer, infertility, blindness, defects at the time of birth; can sterilise soil and affect air and water.

Thermal/heat pollution is due to the excess heat in the environment creating unwanted changes over long time periods; due to huge number of industrial plants, deforestation and air pollution. It increases the earth’s temperature, causing drastic climatic changes and extinction of wildlife.

Light pollution occurs due to prominent excess illumination of an area. It is largely visible in big cities, on advertising boards and billboards, in sports or entertainment events at the night. In residential areas the lives of the inhabitants is greatly affected by this. It also affects the astronomical observations and activities by making the stars almost invisible.

Resaults of pollution-نتائج التلوث

1. Environment Degradation : Environment is the first casualty for increase in pollution weather in air or water. The increase in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere leads to smog which can restrict sunlight from reaching the earth. Thus, preventing plants in the process of photosynthesis. Gases like Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide can cause acid rain. Water pollution in terms of Oil spill may lead to death of several wildlife species.

2. Human Health : The decrease in quality of air leads to several respiratory problems including asthma or lung cancer. Chest pain, congestion, throat inflammation, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease are some of diseases that can be causes by air pollution. Water pollution occurs due to contamination of water and may pose skin related problems including skin irritations and rashes. Similarly, Noise pollution leads to hearing loss, stress and sleep disturbance.

Pollution_Effects
Photo by dylanpassmore

3. Global Warming : The emission of greenhouse gases particularly CO2 is leading to global warming. Every other day new industries are being set up, new vehicles come on roads and trees are cut to make way for new homes. All of them, in direct or indirect way lead to increase in CO2 in the environment. The increase in CO2 leads to melting of polar ice caps which increases the sea level and pose danger for the people living near coastal areas.

4. Ozone Layer Depletion: Ozone layer is the thin shield high up in the sky that stops ultra violet rays from reaching the earth. As a result of human activities, chemicals, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), were released int to the atmosphere which contributed to the depletion of ozone layer.

5. Infertile Land : Due to constant use of insecticides and pesticides, the soil may become infertile. Plants may not be able to grow properly. Various forms of chemicals produced from industrial waste is released into the flowing water which also affects the quality of soil.

Pollution not only affect humans by destroying their respiratory, cardiovascular and neurological systems; it also affects the nature, plants, fruits, vegetables, rivers, ponds, forests, animals, etc, on which they are highly dependent for survival. It is crucial to control pollution as the nature, wildlife and human life are precious gifts to the mankind.

Solutions-حلول للقضاء على التلوث

Air Pollution

Take due environmental consideration in planning stage and carefully select business location with proper location and adequate space for placing exhaust outlets
Avoid the exhaust outlets in close proximity to the air sensitive receptors for restaurants and food business
Locate the exhaust outlets in a good ventilated and dispersive area, e.g. extending kitchen exhausts to rooftop

Locate the exhaust outlets at rooftop for better dispersion.
Locate the exhaust outlets at rooftop for better dispersion.

Locate and orientate the exhaust away from the nearby air sensitive receptors
Preference should be given to extend the exhaust to a level of at least 3m above the highest point of the restaurant's own building and any adjacent or attached buildings within a 20m radius
Seek advice from environmental professionals when locating exhaust outlet
Use smokeless fuel, such as gas and electricity
No outdoor cooking, e.g. hotpot & BBQ
Install appropriate air pollution control equipment (recent tests indicated that the combined use of electrostatic precipitator and hydrovent can remove up to 94% of oily fumes)

Grease Filter. Hydrovent. Electrostatic Precipitator.
Grease Filter.

Hydrovent.

Electrostatic Precipitator.

Install appropriate odour control equipment, such as activated carbon filter, for cooking activities which emit strong odour
Conduct regular cleaning and maintenance of all air pollution control equipment
Maintain an easy access for serving and inspecting air pollution control agent
Monitor the quality of cooking fumes and odour emissions regularly during peak hours
Install transparent inspection window/panel for the air pollution control equipment
Adopt automatic switch-on function to synchronize the operation of the cooking device with air pollution control equipment

Water Pollution

Grease Trap

Apply license from the EPD before discharging effluent from the grease trap
Locate grease trap away from the vicinity of common areas, such as lift lobbies or any fresh air intake of the air conditioning system
Install above ground grease trap at an easily accessible location to facilitate ease of cleaning and maintenance
Provide communal grease trap as far as possible for better efficiency and economy
Use well-developed grease trap with provision for the daily removal of screened solids and trapped grease
Maintain and operate the grease trap to meet the effluent discharge license conditions, such as conducting self-monitoring checks and providing self-monitoring reports
Install screening device at the grease trap inlet and remove the screened solids daily
Remove the accumulated bottom sludge regularly
Engage registered grease trap waste collector for regular cleaning and overhauling of grease trap
Arrange the regular clearance in non-sensitive hours
Properly archive cleaning records and always keep the cleaning records for the past 6 months for the EPD's inspection

Sewerage

Conduct regular maintenance check on the condition and routing of the drainage system and repair any drainage defects immediately
Keep an updated drainage plan in management office
Check the drainage plan before carrying out of drainage works to ensure correct drainage route
Conduct dye-tracing tests to confirm drainage routes
Ensure the use of manhole cover with correct identification of the drain types
Use color code to help identify and distinguish stormwater drainage system (e.g. manhole, exposed pipes and channel) from foul water system

Food Preparatory and Washing Activities

Prohibit outdoor food preparatory works and washing activities at the backlanes

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